---
title: DragonSectorCTF - Reversing Switch Pro's USB keystrokes - PlayCAP
description: Performing a minimal reversing over Switch Pro's connection over USB in order to simulate pressed buttons
categories: ctf DragonSector
author: Xh4H
tags: wireshark dragonsector ctf switch pro
---

We (TMHC) played DragonSectorCTF - Teaser - and ranked 42, pretty happy about it.

**Challenge description**
```
Miscellaneous, 203 pts
Difficulty: easy (53 solvers)

Here is a recording of the flag being entered into the app.html HTML5 application.
- PlayCAP.pcapng
- app.html
```

**Action**
We are given a Packet Capture file (.pcap) and a link to a site. Let's start by accessing the site.


There's a 10x6 map of characters. Inspecting the source, we see an interesting function ``handleButtons``:


It expects 6 different actions:
- right
- left
- up
- down
- reset
- select

``state`` parameter is not used at all there, it just checks that its not empty/undefined/falsy. ``handleButtons("right", "test")`` will move the selected character to the right by one cell.

We also see a few comments that will help us in the future:


``checkChange`` is a defined function that checks the state of certain buttons every 50 miliseconds. After it's declaration we see it's looking for gamePads connected to the computer, therefore we know that a controller with pads was used to type the flag (read the challenge description again). ``X`` button is assigned to "reset" and ``A`` to "select".

Time to open the pcap file.

We are given a network capture containing 5079 packets. After inspecting them we see many packets with the same length, 91.

We apply the following filter: ``frame.len == 91``. All of these packets have the same data structure, and there is one value we care of: ``Leftover Capture Data``. A quick google search reveals a [ctf writeup](https://medium.com/@ali.bawazeeer/kaizen-ctf-2018-reverse-engineer-usb-keystrok-from-pcap-file-2412351679f4), pretty similar to this challenge.

In order to work with the packet data, we are going to add the ``Leftover Capture Data`` as a column in order to export everything. Right click on a packet's Leftover data and ``Apply as column``.


Now we are ready to export all the data as .csv.

The ``Leftover Capture Data`` looks like this:


## Small summary
- We know that an external controller has been used to type the flag.
- Said controller has a pad, ``X`` and ``A`` buttons.
- This controller's communication has been logged with Wireshark, and the size of each packet is 91 bytes.

After some googling, we find the following [piece of code](https://github.com/ToadKing/switch-pro-x/blob/master/switch-pro-x/ProControllerDevice.cpp#L33):

```cpp
enum {
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_A = 0x00000800,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_B = 0x00000400,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_X = 0x00000200,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_Y = 0x00000100,

SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_DPAD_UP = 0x02000000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_DPAD_DOWN = 0x01000000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_DPAD_LEFT = 0x08000000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_DPAD_RIGHT = 0x04000000,

SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_PLUS = 0x00020000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_MINUS = 0x00010000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_HOME = 0x00100000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_SHARE = 0x00200000,

SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_L = 0x40000000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_ZL = 0x80000000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_THUMB_L = 0x00080000,

SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_R = 0x00004000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_ZR = 0x00008000,
SWITCH_BUTTON_USB_MASK_THUMB_R = 0x00040000,
};
```

These are the masks used for every single button in the Switch Pro. Next step was looking into the packets to see if we could find these values.


The 7th and 8th bytes tell us which button is being pressed:
- 01 would stand for Y
- 02 would stand for X
- 04 would stand for B
- 08 would stand for A

The 11th and 12th bytes tell us which button from the DPAD is being pressed:
- 01 would stand for D
- 02 would stand for U
- 04 would stand for R
- 08 would stand for L

## Time to parse the data

We wrote the following string to parse the dump into actual pressed buttons:
```js
const csv = require("csvtojson");
let chars = [];

let dpad = {
'01':'D',
'02':'U',
'04':'R',
'08':'L'
}

let buttons = {
'01': 'Y',
'02': 'X',
'04': 'B',
'08': 'A'
}

let previousButton, previousDpad;

csv()
.fromFile("exported.csv")
.then((jsonObj)=>{
for (const packet of jsonObj) {
let switch_packet = packet["Leftover Capture Data"].replace("\"", "");
let button_type = switch_packet.substr(6, 2); // 7th and 8th byte -> Button type
let dpad_type = switch_packet.substr(10, 2); // 11th and 12th byte -> dpad type

if (previousButton != button_type) {
previousButton = button_type;
if (buttons[button_type] != undefined) {
chars.push(buttons[button_type]);
}
}

if (previousDpad != dpad_type) {
previousDpad = dpad_type;
if (buttons[dpad_type] != undefined) {
chars.push(dpad[dpad_type]);
}
}
}

require("fs").writeFileSync("parsed.json", JSON.stringify(chars));
})
```
**Important**: Whenever you press a button, be it in a keyboard or a controller, you are sending a lot of packets with the same information, X button being pressed. In order to not have duplicated-useless data, we added the check of ``previousButton`` and ``previousDpad`` so that we don't add more "X button was pressed" until X was in fact released (key up).

With the output, we use as well the following script in order to simulate the pressed buttons directly into the browser:

```js
let goLeft = () => handleButtons('left', 'test');
let goRight = () => handleButtons('right', 'test');
let goUp = () => handleButtons('up', 'test');
let goDown = () => handleButtons('down', 'test');
let goReset = () => handleButtons('reset', 'test');
let goSelect = () => handleButtons('select', 'test');

let arr = ["Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","Y","X","X","X","R","R","R","A","D","D","D","D","A","U","L","A","R","R","R","R","R","R","R","A","R","R","R","R","R","U","U","R","R","R","R","A","D","D","D","D","A","U","U","U","U","L","L","L","L","L","L","L","A","D","D","L","A","R","R","R","R","R","D","A","L","A","U","U","U","R","A","D","D","R","R","R","L","A","U","L","A","D","D","L","L","L","L","L","L","D","A","U","U","U","U","U","A","R","R","R","R","R","R","A","D","D","A","R","R","D","A","R","R","A","R","D","A","U","U","R","R","R","R","R","A","R","R","R","A","D","D","D","A","X"]

function insertKey(letter) {
switch (letter.toLowerCase()) {
case "l":
goLeft();
break;
case "r":
goRight();
break;
case "u":
goUp();
break;
case "d":
goDown();
break;
case "x":
goReset();
break;
case "a":
goSelect();
break;
default:
console.log("Skipping");
}
}

for (const letter of arr) {
insertKey(letter.toLowerCase())
}
```


**Flag**: DrgnS{LetsPlayAGamepad}

Thanks for reading :)

<script src="https://www.hackthebox.eu/badge/21439"></script>

Original writeup (https://posts.xh4h.com/ctf/dragonsector/2019/09/22/reversing_switch_pro_usb_connection.html).